Social control
Interesting infinity on previous
lectures
Intuitions and how they have power over us
Prisons,
army, police or organised behaviours like the family or marriage
How
they frame our behaviour
Correct us and train us – make us more productive
Power,
punishment, discipline
Writer and thinker – all his books was to deconstruct the
areas of evil
The emergence of madness – wasn’t always a recognizable condition
Emerges the prison
Middle ages – no strict conception of madness
Easy
happy go lucky life – tolerated and accepted in society – thought of
endearingly – no division between sane and insane
1600’s
– new sensibility started to emerge, concerns a new attitude to work and a
social value to work – to make people better
Anxeity started to emerge –a bracket of people who were seen as socially
useless who were a problem to society
Houses
of correction started to appear – the mad, criminals, drunks, the deceased,
single mothers – socially unproductive – put to a work station and were
physically beaten if they didn’t
Moral
reform exercise – make these people better
Started to be seen as a massive
mistake for the main reason for inside the house all the varies difference of deviants would corrupt each other eg.
criminal classes would corrupt the non criminal
Special
institutions for the criminals and the insane
Hospital
for sick, prison for criminals, and asylums for the insane – not only house
them but correct them
Asylum:
Instead of physical violence, more subtle techniques where used – tactically
reduced to child – if they behaved correctly they were given rewards, if not
they were told off by a head figure like a child
Specialized form of social control – subtly training
people to behave
Emergence
of a modern form of discipline
Specialized knowledge – people who give reason and
purpose to these techniques
Doctors
increase in social status
These
institutions effect the way we think not through physical means but internalize
our responsibility – you take responsibility for your own discipline – ill
behave how they want me to
Pre modern societies – not aimed at training or discipline
Discipline
had to be visible – had to be to display the ultimate power of the state over
you
Reminder
not to test it – works on fear – physically harm you
Guy Forks – hung drawn and quartered
New form of discipline – disciplinary society – new power
Around
the mental than the physical
It’s
a technology – surveillance to control your behaviour, performance, feelings and our social useness
Panopticon –
designed by Jeremy Benthams
Proposed
as a design for a generic institution – could be hospital, prison or school
etc.
On the edge there are cells where
individuals would be placed
Prison – each cell is totally open from the
front – might have bars – open to the interior and light from the back – each
cell there is a individual with a wall each side
Mental
effect – proposed as the perfect institution – constantly staring to the middle
central observation tower where the supervisor was place eg.
Wardens or docters depending on use
Inmates
can’t see each other just the constant present of the supervisors in the tower
Opposite effect to the dungeon
Dungeon – hide or lock away the deviant classes in the dark – mass
social repression
Panopticom – everything is open and loght
Because your constantly reminded that you are
being watched by someone who is expecting you to behave in a certain way
therefore you never behave how the supervisor wouldn’t want
No one to share thought, feelings with – physiological torture
Conscious
state that we are always being watched
Always controlled – when this takes effect you don’t need a supervisor
to watch because people would discipline themselves
Doesn’t
need any guards to control it
This
building is a analogy to how society controls
Multifunctional building – the isolating structure –
specialized allowed to try out experiments
Functions like a lab – can
experiment on people
Multifunctional
The
notion of an instructional gaze – similar effect of the female gaze – start to
behave in a way that you are observed without being forced
Targeted mentally
Permenately visible – start to control yourself
Modern discipline everywhere now
Open
plan office – encourages people to share experiences but what actually happens
can be constantly seen by the boss – feel awkward and less social because your
being watched so always work
Conforming
and controlling yourself
The humour of
the programme is
that the crew in the office always
no that theres a camera around
People
start to act up to the notions that people should work
Leeds college of Art- by graphics studio
Make
his students work hard – watching over them
Everything is photographed and mapped
CCTV
cameras – surveillance society
Every
action is in some way recorded
Alter
& modifiy our behaviour
Lecture to educate and reform children
Each
seats there's a barrier between each students, only see the central lecturer
Efficiency
of learning
Register
– keep tabs and monitor you
Forces
you to behave in a certain way – the process of learning therefore more
effective
HR office – records of the staff
Computer network – open files from your desktop
Every
website you go on is stored on a database
Monitor
key strokes on your monitor to see how hard your working
Mental effect – process
Does
have a physical effect on the body – has a hold on our body and train
Docile bodies – no residence to power – self
regulated
Eg. Soldier – carries out orders
unquestioningly
Cult of health – everywhere you go tells you
how much you should or shouldn’t drink, how much vitamins are in something,
how/what to eat something – 5 a day
Images
of what you body should look like, what your physical attitude should be like
Act up to it – feel guilty if we don’t
Start to conform
Gyms – big window, open plan, very
visible – perfect citizen
Ideal cult of the perfect body –
master race
Instructions on tv and billboards
Sitting
taking instructions
Power is not something you have over someone
else
Power
is about relationship between people
Willingly
being the controlled in the lecture
Possibility
for resistance
1984 – constant panopticism
Facebook – social media – your
aware that everything you put on is observed/documented
Shape an identity of yourself – adapted
because the environment is under crutenncy
Following Piece is one of his early works. The
underlying idea was to select a person from the passers-by who were by chance
walking by and to follow the person until he or she disappeared into a private
place where Acconci could not enter. The act of
following could last a few minutes, if the person then got into a car, or four
or five hours, if the person went to a cinema or restaurant. Acconci carried out this performance
everyday for a month. And he typed up an account of each 'pursuit', sending it
each time to a different member of the art community.Two experiences here were crucial.
During the act of following, Acconci submitted his subjective will to
the movements of the person followed. And he thus penetrated a private sphere
even though he moved in the public domain. Acconci demonstrated that the urban public
space is defined by the random encounters between people that take place within
it. At the same time, he presents us the city street as a space where civil
protection potentially breaks down.This performance is of special
significance as here Acconci for the first time deferred from
himself defining what course the performance would take. Instead, he accorded
an important role to the participation of outsiders. »I made my art by using
other people.« In Following Piece, the concept of the participation
of persons who did not specifically agree to participate relied on persons who
did not even know that they were being used.The actual piece of art unraveled
without any one noticing. All the more important was that each piece was
presented to a broader audience in the form of the typewritten records and the
photographs. These form a constitutive part of the artwork.
Handout:
Panopticism: Institutions & Institutional Power
Richard Miles 2012
The lecture introduces the work of Michel Foucault and particularly his theoretical application of panopticism, techniques of the body and „disciplinary society‟. Funnily enough ‘institution’ is not defined in the lecture, but take it that institutions can exist on two levels, first, organised bodies which have some kind of collective material physical entity, [e.g., hospitals, government, the police] and secondly, organised practices which are more solidly defined around customs and practices, such as the institution of ‘marriage’, the ‘family’ and so on.
„Literature, art and their respective producers do not exist independently of a complex institutional framework which authorises, enables, empowers and legitimises them. This framework must be incorporated into any analysis that pretends to provide a thorough understanding of cultural goods and practices.’
Randal Johnson in Walker & Chaplin (1999)
Learning Aims:-
The lecture introduces the work of Michel Foucault and particularly his theoretical application of panopticism, techniques of the body and „disciplinary society‟. Funnily enough ‘institution’ is not defined in the lecture, but take it that institutions can exist on two levels, first, organised bodies which have some kind of collective material physical entity, [e.g., hospitals, government, the police] and secondly, organised practices which are more solidly defined around customs and practices, such as the institution of ‘marriage’, the ‘family’ and so on.
„Literature, art and their respective producers do not exist independently of a complex institutional framework which authorises, enables, empowers and legitimises them. This framework must be incorporated into any analysis that pretends to provide a thorough understanding of cultural goods and practices.’
Randal Johnson in Walker & Chaplin (1999)
Learning Aims:-
-
UNDERSTAND THE DESIGN MODEL OF THE PANOPTICON
-
UNDERSTAND FOUCAULT’S CONCEPT OF ‘DISCIPLINARY SOCIETY’.
-
UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION OF DISCIPLINARY SOCIETY AS A MEANS OF
RENDERING INDIVIDUALS PRODUCTIVE AND USEFUL
-
UNDERSTAND FOUCAULT’S CONCEPT OF TECHNIQUES OF THE BODY AND
‘DOCILE’ BODIES
PANOPTICISM
‘Hence the major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power.’ (Foucault, 1975)
-
The emergence of forms of knowledge – biology, psychiatry, medicine,
etc., legitimise the practices of hospitals, doctors, psychiatrists.
-
Foucault aims to show how these forms of knowledge and rationalising
institutions like the prison, the asylum, the hospital, the school, now
work on human beings in such a way that they alter our consciousness
and that they internalise our responsibility.
• The panopticon is a model of how modern society organises its
knowledge, its power, its surveillance of bodies and its ‘training’ of
bodies
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POWER, KNOWLEDGE AND THE BODY.
Disciplinary Society produces what Foucault calls „docile bodies‟.
Disciplinary Techniques
“That the techniques of discipline and „gentle punishment‟ have crossed the threshold from work to play shows how pervasive they have become within modern western societies” (Danaher, Schirato & Webb 2000)
Foucault’s definition of power is not a top – down model, as in Marxist theory, but is more subtle. Thus,
power is not a thing or a capacity people have –
it is a relation between different individuals and groups, and only exists when it is being exercised –
The exercise of power relies on there being the capacity for power to be resisted.
For Foucault, ‘Where there is power there is resistance’.
Bibliography
Please see yr 2 bib,
But also,
Foucault, M. (1975) ‘Panopticism’
from Hall, S. & Evans (1998) Visual Culture a Reader
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison London, Penguin
See also web sites on Foucault of which there are plenty
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POWER, KNOWLEDGE AND THE BODY.
Disciplinary Techniques
“That the techniques of discipline and „gentle punishment‟ have crossed the threshold from work to play shows how pervasive they have become within modern western societies” (Danaher, Schirato & Webb 2000)
Foucault’s definition of power is not a top – down model, as in Marxist theory, but is more subtle. Thus,
power is not a thing or a capacity people have –
it is a relation between different individuals and groups, and only exists when it is being exercised –
The exercise of power relies on there being the capacity for power to be resisted.
For Foucault, ‘Where there is power there is resistance’.
Bibliography
Please see yr 2 bib,
But also,
Foucault, M. (1975) ‘Panopticism’
from Hall, S. & Evans (1998) Visual Culture a Reader
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison London, Penguin
See also web sites on Foucault of which there are plenty
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